Introduction

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in children [1]. Chronic ITP lasts for over 12 months after the initial diagnosis. Most patients with chronic ITP cannot achieve remission with conventional treatments (intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG], corticosteroid, and anti-D immunoglobulin) or experience relapse after remission [2]. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) such as romiplostim and eltrombopag are promising agents against chronic ITP in children and adults [3]. Romiplostim stimulates TPO receptors to increase platelet production in chronic ITP. Romiplostim is approved for use in adults and children [3]. Some patients experience a treatment-free response (TFR) after treatment with TPO-RA [4]. Here we report the case of a delayed TFR after romiplostim treatment in a pediatric patient with chronic ITP.

Case

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Yeungnam University Medical Center (IRB No: 2019-12-024). Written informed consent was obtained from the parent/guardian for publication of this case report and accompanying images.

A 16-month-old boy presented with petechiae, bruises, and ecchymoses of the trunk and extremities. He was diagnosed with acute ITP and was treated with IVIG. He relapsed within a month and was tested for a secondary cause of ITP. The tests were performed to differentiate between viral infections and autoimmune diseases, which can cause secondary ITP. The laboratory findings were as follows: white blood cell count, 17,980/μL (58% neutrophils); hemoglobin level, 14 g/dL; and platelet count, 3.000/μL. Kidney and liver function test results were unremarkable. Other laboratory findings were as follows: C-reactive protein level, 0.563 mg/dL (range, <0.5 mg/dL); erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 22 mm/hour (range, 0–20 mm/hour); C3 level, 159.4 mg/dL (range, 90–180 mg/dL); C4 level, 28.2 mg/dL (range, 10–40 mg/dL); CH50 level, 40.8 U/mL (range, 23–46 U/mL); antinuclear antibody, negative; anti-Smith antibody, negative; antiplatelet antibody, negative; and venereal disease research laboratory test, non-reactive. In addition, the bone marrow showed increased numbers of megakaryocytes and non-platelet budding micro-megakaryocytes as well as increased cellularity. Therefore, he was diagnosed with primary ITP.

He was treated with IVIG (1 g/kg/day for 2 days) every 4 to 6 weeks for 2 years to maintain the platelet count above 20,000/μL. His platelet count showed a pattern of a temporary increase to over 100,000/µL after IVIG administration and then decreased to less than 10,000/µL after 2 to 3 weeks. Steroids such as dexamethasone and prednisolone had no effect on the platelet count, which was continuously less than 10,000/µL. Systemic bruising, petechiae, and mucocutaneous bleeding occurred repeatedly when the platelet levels dropped below 20,000/µL. Two years after diagnosis, he was treated with rituximab (375 mg/m²/day for 4 weeks) and cyclosporine as second-line therapy, but he showed no response. The patient was treated with romiplostim (initial dose, 1 µg/kg/week) at 49 months (i.e., 33 months after diagnosis); the romiplostim dose was later increased to 10 µg/kg/week. Romiplostim was purchased through the Korea Orphan & Essential Drug Center (KOEDC) (Seoul, Korea). After 4 weeks of treatment, his platelet counts increased (Fig. 1). During the 7 months of romiplostim treatment, he showed no bleeding symptoms and required no additional IVIG or steroid treatment. No adverse effects of romiplostim such as headache, skeletal pain, abdominal pain, or thromboembolism were observed. After 7 months of romiplostim therapy, he discontinued romiplostim due to the economic burden, and his platelet count decreased again while he continued IVIG treatment. However, the frequency of annualized IVIG treatment gradually decreased after romiplostim treatment (Fig. 2).

Two years after romiplostim discontinuation, his platelet count remained above 50,000/μL, and he achieved TFR for over 36 months with no treatment. In addition, no bleeding symptoms were observed.

Discussion

ITP is an autoimmune-mediated acquired bleeding disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia, which is defined as a peripheral blood platelet count below 100×10³/μL, with no obvious initiating and/or underlying cause. ITP affects patients of all ages, genders, and races; age-specific incidence is the greatest in children and the elderly [5].

The mechanism underlying platelet count reduction in ITP was previously considered to be due to increased platelet destruction by autoantibodies. However, it has recently been found that platelet count reduction in ITP occurs via more complicated mechanisms related to impaired platelet production and T cell-mediated effects [6,7]. ITP usually presents with bleeding, fatigue, thrombosis, and symptoms associated with disorders causing secondary ITP, such as systemic lupus, hepatitis C, infection, and lymphoid malignancy. Primary ITP is diagnosed by exclusion.

TPO is a 94-kDa protein primarily synthesized in the liver and secreted into circulation; it has no storage form. TPO and TPO mimetics reverse the apoptotic effects of antiplatelet/megakaryocyte antibodies (or local T cell inhibition) on late megakaryocyte progenitors, but not on the late megakaryocytes themselves because it takes 5 to 7 days before the platelet count increases in response to a TPO-RA [8].

The efficacy of romiplostim in 125 adult patients with ITP, including 63 splenectomized and 62 non-splenectomized patients, was assessed in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The overall platelet response rate was 88% in non-splenectomized patients and 79% in splenectomized patients treated with romiplostim. In addition, 87% of patients who received romiplostim reduced or discontinued concurrent therapy. Thus, the study shows that stimulation of platelet production by romiplostim may provide a new therapeutic option for patients with ITP [8].

In a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study of 62 children under 18 years treated for ITP, romiplostim increased platelet counts and improved health-related quality of life in children with primary ITP [4,9]. In a study of long-term treatment with romiplostim in children with chronic ITP, romiplostim increased and maintained platelet counts without significant toxicity for ≥6 months [10]. TFR was maintained in 23% of children for ≥6 months with no medication, including romiplostim. In that study, the factors predictive of spontaneous TFR in children with ITP included a higher platelet count at diagnosis (>60,000/μL), younger age, recent onset (<2 weeks) of bleeding symptoms, decreased bleeding in the first 6 months, and high-grade bleeding at diagnosis. In a multicenter Spanish adult study, receiving romiplostim as the first TPO-RA was positively associated with the likelihood of achieving TFR, while switching the TPO-RA negatively predicted TFR [11].

Our patient was diagnosed at a very young age and showed a good response to romiplostim; therefore, romiplostim was not switched to any other TPO-RA. Although his platelet levels decreased after romiplostim discontinuation, a delayed TFR was observed.

Although eltrombopag, another oral TPO, may be a better option when considering patient comfort, it was not recommended for use in children in Korea at the time. Romiplostim was supplied by the KOEDC; therefore, we used romiplostim first.

In conclusion, romiplostim is a potential treatment option for chronic ITP in children when considering the long-term complications of splenectomy, such as infection and thromboembolism after splenectomy. The possibility of TFR is high with romiplostim; therefore, romiplostim should be considered when choosing an alternative therapy in children with chronic ITP. Further studies with long-term follow-up are required to determine the efficacy of romiplostim and TPO-RA-associated TFR.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

This work was supported by 2019 Yeungnam University Research Grant.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: YTL, JOH, JML; Formal analysis and Supervision: JOH, JML; Funding acquisition: JML; Investigation: YTL; Writing-original draft: HJL; Writing-review & editing: JML.

Fig. 1.

Changes in the platelet count during romiplostim treatment. IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin.

Fig. 2.

Treatment course in a patient with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. The frequency of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration was reduced after romiplostim treatment. Treatment included prednisone (PDS), IVIG, rituximab, oral cyclosporine (CsA), and romiplostim.

References

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Figure & Data

References

Citations

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