Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Institute of Medical Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Etiology of pain | Self-management | Professional management |
---|---|---|
Muscle cramps | Massage, stretching | Quinine sulfate |
Aromatherapy | Magnesium | |
Drink tonic water (contains quinine) | Vitamin E | |
Bananas, oranges, and citrus fruit juices (to address magnesium imbalance) | Vitamin D | |
Heat | ||
Spasticity | Positioning | Physiotherapy |
Passive exercise | Tizanidine | |
Active within limitations | Baclofen | |
Heat | Hydrotherapy | |
Pressure above and below joint | Botulinum toxin | |
Stretching | ||
Constipation | Review of dietary intake | Laxatives |
Review of fluid intake | Movicol | |
Review of current medications | Senna and lactulose | |
Passive exercise | Dulcolax | |
Regular review of bowel habits, monitor or change | Laxatives on commencement of opioids | |
Abdominal massage | ||
Linseed seeds | ||
Spasm | Passive exercise | Baclofen |
Positioning | Dantrolene | |
Diazepam | ||
Sublingual lorazepam | ||
Tizanidine | ||
Skin pressure | Positioning | Pressure mattresses/cushions |
Regular turning | Appropriate beds/chairs | |
Correct moving and handling techniques | Use of hoists | |
Preventative measures | Diclofenac sodium | |
Morphine | ||
Amitriptyline | ||
Musculoskeletal | Passive exercise prior to transfer for immobile individuals, range of motion | Physiotherapy |
Preventative measures | Hydrotherapy | |
Positioning | NSAIDs | |
Correct moving and handling techniques | Paracetamol | |
Tramadol | ||
Joint injections | ||
Morphine | ||
Orthotics, splints | ||
Collars | ||
TENS | ||
Complementary/alternative therapy |
NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.