Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
© 2024 Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Institute of Medical Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Funding
This work was supported by a 2023 Inje University research grant (No. 20230113).
Author contributions
Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Investigation: YJL, SJL; Funding acquisition, Supervision: SJL; Project administration, Visualization, Resources, Software: YJL; Writing-original draft: YJL, SJL; Writing-review & editing: YJL, SJL.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number only, or number (%).
W4D, Worth four dot; UCVA, uncorrected visual acuity; logMAR, logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution; SE, spherical equivalent.
a)Comparison was performed using an independent t-test. b)Comparison was performed using the chi-square test. c)Comparison was performed using the Fisher exact test. d)Comparison was performed using a one-way analysis of variance.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
GCIPL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer; C, central; S, superior; T, temporal; I, inferior; N, nasal; 1, inner circle subfield of the macula between 1 and 3 mm; 2, outer circle subfield of the macula between 3 and 6 mm.
a)Comparison was performed using an independent t-test. b)Comparison performed using one-way analysis of variance. c)Significance was based on the Tukey–Kramer honestly significant difference post-hoc test.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
GCIPL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer; C, central; S, superior; T, temporal; I, inferior; N, nasal; 1, inner circle subfield of the macula between 1 and 3 mm; 2, outer circle subfield of the macula between 3 and 6 mm.
The comparisons were performed using independent t-tests.
Variable | Patient with fixation preference (n=50) | Patient with alternating fixation (n=50) | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 6.5±1.5 | 7.0±1.7 | 0.626a) | ||
Sex, male:female | 23:27 | 22:28 | 0.842b) | ||
Stereopsis ≤100 arcseconds | 47 (94.0) | 46 (92.0) | >0.999c) | ||
Fusion in W4D | 18 (36.0) | 17 (34.0) | 0.885b) | ||
Dominant | Nondominant | Right | Left | ||
UCVA (logMAR) | 0.0±0.0 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.669d) |
SE (diopter) | 0.1±0.5 | 0.1±0.7 | 0.1±0.7 | 0.0±0.7 | 0.935d) |
Axial length (mm) | 22.9±0.9 | 22.9±0.9 | 22.9±0.8 | 22.9±0.9 | 0.991d) |
GCIPL thickness by sector (μm) | Patient with fixation preference (n=50) |
p-valuea) | Patient with alternating fixation (n=50) |
p-valuea) | p-valueb) |
Post-hocc) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | Nondominant | Right | Left | Dominant/nondominant/right | Dominant/nondominant/left | ||||
C | 32.3±9.0 | 31.8±8.7 | 0.823 | 29.8±5.0 | 29.3±5.8 | 0.339 | 0.238 | 0.133 | |
S1 | 91.2±7.4 | 93.3±5.2 | 0.019 | 91.4±5.9 | 91.3±5.3 | 0.386 | 0.179 | 0.153 | |
S2 | 68.7±6.7 | 67.1±5.3 | 0.086 | 66.6±5.4 | 67.7±0.7 | 0.755 | 0.183 | 0.381 | |
T1 | 89.0±5.7 | 88.2±7.5 | 0.051 | 86.3±7.0 | 85.6±5.6 | 0.122 | 0.141 | 0.021 | Left<dominant |
T2 | 72.8±5.2 | 72.9±5.7 | 0.546 | 71.4±5.4 | 71.1±4.9 | 0.454 | 0.336 | 0.153 | |
I1 | 93.3±6.0 | 92.0±6.4 | 0.681 | 91.1±5.0 | 91.5±5.0 | 0.687 | 0.158 | 0.273 | |
I2 | 64.0±6.0 | 64.7±6.1 | 0.977 | 63.1±6.0 | 62.8±5.0 | 0.175 | 0.401 | 0.228 | |
N1 | 92.3±6.6 | 92.4±5.5 | 0.207 | 90.1±8.0 | 91.7±6.3 | 0.120 | 0.182 | 0.843 | |
N2 | 73.1±4.6 | 73.0±5.6 | 0.166 | 72.7±6.3 | 72.5±5.7 | 0.496 | 0.867 | 0.832 |
Difference in GCIPL thickness (μm) | Patient with fixation preference (n=50) | Patient with alternating fixation (n=50) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Dominant–nondominant | Right–left | ||
C | 2.9±3.5 | 1.8±2.3 | 0.003 |
S1 | 3.6±5.1 | 3.0±3.4 | 0.007 |
S2 | 3.0±4.8 | 2.9±2.4 | <0.001 |
T1 | 4.3±4.5 | 3.7±3.6 | 0.140 |
T2 | 3.3±3.7 | 2.9±2.6 | 0.015 |
I1 | 3.6±3.3 | 2.1±1.8 | <0.001 |
I2 | 3.2±3.0 | 3.4±2.4 | 0.134 |
N1 | 3.8±3.6 | 4.0±3.8 | 0.687 |
N2 | 3.0±2.3 | 2.5±1.9 | 0.175 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number only, or number (%). W4D, Worth four dot; UCVA, uncorrected visual acuity; logMAR, logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution; SE, spherical equivalent. a)Comparison was performed using an independent
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. GCIPL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer; C, central; S, superior; T, temporal; I, inferior; N, nasal; 1, inner circle subfield of the macula between 1 and 3 mm; 2, outer circle subfield of the macula between 3 and 6 mm. a)Comparison was performed using an independent
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. GCIPL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer; C, central; S, superior; T, temporal; I, inferior; N, nasal; 1, inner circle subfield of the macula between 1 and 3 mm; 2, outer circle subfield of the macula between 3 and 6 mm. The comparisons were performed using independent