Appreciation to peer reviewers in 2023 So-Young Park Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2024; 41(1): 1. CrossRef
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science is indexed in Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) So-Young Park Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 317. CrossRef
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science is indexed in Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) So-Young Park Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 317. CrossRef
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science is indexed in Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) So-Young Park Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 317. CrossRef
The global obesity epidemic and the growing elderly population largely contribute to the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance acts as a critical link between the present obesity pandemic and type 2 diabetes. Naturally occurring reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate intracellular signaling and are kept in balance by the antioxidant system. However, the imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant capacity causes ROS accumulation and induces oxidative stress. Oxidative stress interrupts insulin-mediated intracellular signaling pathways, as supported by studies involving genetic modification of antioxidant enzymes in experimental rodents. In addition, a close association between oxidative stress and insulin resistance has been reported in numerous human studies. However, the controversial results with the use of antioxidants in type 2 diabetes raise the question of whether oxidative stress plays a critical role in insulin resistance. In this review article, we discuss the relevance of oxidative stress to insulin resistance based on genetically modified animal models and human trials.
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Purpose:The ob gene, specifically expressed in adipocyte, encodes leptin, a hormone that induces satiety and increases energy expenditure. In this study, effects of saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid on ob gene expression were investigated by quantitative competitive RT-PCR in a mouse cell line (3T3-L1) which can be induced to differentiate into adipocytes. In addition to ob gene, expression of the fatty acid synthase gene as a marker of lipogenesis was measured simultaneously.
Materials and Methods:The 3T3-L1 fibroblast cell were cultured in the Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. The differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblast to adipocyte was induced by the treatment of 250 nM dexamethasone and 0.5mM 1-methyl-3 -isobutylxanthine. At 10∼14 days after induction, 3T3-L1 cells were fully differentiated and had had lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. At that time, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured for 12 hours in the fatty acids contained medium and were harvested for RNA extraction. Palmitate as a saturated fatty acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as a polyunsaturated fatty acid were used in this experiment and treated concentration was 600 μMol.
Results :After conversion to adipocytes, glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased and leptin mRNA was expressed. Ob gene expressions of differentiated adipocytes were suppressed by palmitate treatment, however, there was no significant change in DHA treated adipocyte. Fatty acid synthase gene expressions, on the other hand, were suppressed by DHA treatment and not changed by palmitate treatment.
Conclusion :These results suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acid inhibited lipogenic process and saturated fatty acid inhibited lipolytic process at cultured adipose cell level.
Purpose:To evaluate the effects of body fat reduction on insulin sensitivity, it was measured the glucose disappearance rate, glucose infusion rate, and hepatic glucose production rate after paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine, metabolite of caffeine) treatment in monosodium -L-glutamate (MSG)-obese rats.
Materials and Methods:Obesity was induced by neonatal (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 days) injection of MSG(4 g/kg, subcutaneously) for 15 weeks. MSG-obese rats showed severe fat deposition in subcutaneous and intraabdominal cavity, shortened body length, normoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and high FFA level. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique under anesthesia with pentothal sodium. Plasma insulin concentration was clamped at 100 μU/ml by continuous insulin infusion (1.5 mU/kg/min). At steady state, the glucose disappearance rate and glucose infusion rate were decreased and the hepatic glucose production rate was increased in the MSG-obese rats compared to the normal rats.
Results :At 15 weeks of age, paraxanthine (15 mg/kg) was administered with ephedrine (60 mg/kg) via per oral for 15 consecutive days. Body fat mass of the paraxanthine treated rats was decreased about 29.6% in the MSG-obese and 6.3% in the normal rats compared with the control rats during 15 days. In the paraxanthine treated MSG-obese rats, the fasting insulin level was significantly (p<0.05) decreased and the glucose infusion rate was significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to that of the MSG-control rats, however the glucose disappearance rate showed increasing tendency and the hepatic glucose production rate showed decreasing tendency compared to that of the MSG-control rats.
Conclusion :These results suggest that paraxanthine exerts an anti-obesity effect and improve insulin sensitivity in rats with MSG-induced obesity.
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