INTRODUCTION

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is defined as the abnormal formation of mature trabecular bone in extraskeletal soft tissues. It is not uncommon complication following trauma, surgery, neurological injury, and severe burns [1,2]. The hip is the most common site of HO, followed by the elbow, knee, and shoulder [3,4]. HO manifests in various manners, from islands of the bone within the soft tissues about the hip, to apparent hip bone ankylosis. Although small foci of HO are not clinically significant, surgical treatment is sometimes required in patients presenting with restricted motion or refractory pain due to extensive HO[5]. Surgical excision of HO is challenging to surgeons for several important reasons. Proper timing of surgical intervention must be considered, excision is a difficult technique, and HO has a possibility of recurrence. Furthermore, due to hypervascularization of HO and adhesion between the HO and the surrounding soft tissues, intra- and post-operative bleeding are major potential complications [6,7].

We report a case of preoperative arterial embolization of HO in a patient presenting with restricted bilateral hip range of motion (ROM). This case highlights that preoperative arterial embolization is useful to reduce intra- and post-operative bleeding complications if patients with hip joint HO require HO removal for improvements in their ROM.

CASE

The patient and his family were informed that this case would be submitted for publication. A 51-year-old man visited the hospital for progressively restricted hip motion. He experienced difficulties achieving proper seated posture due to severe restricted ROM of the hip, and presented with severe hip pain. He was in a paraplegic state due to T11 cord injury following a fall 10 months ago. On physical examination, he showed 30° of flexion contracture in both hip joints, and no further degree of ROM. The patient underwent radiologic and laboratory evaluations. Pelvic anteroposterior radiography and hip computed tomography (CT) showed massive heterotopic bone formation around bilateral hip joints and apparent bone ankylosis of the joints (Fig. 1A, 1B). Scintigraphic bone scan showed increased uptake in bilateral hip joints, suggesting active lesion (Fig. 1C). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were measured as 329 IU/L (range, 30-120 IU/L). Serum ALP levels were measured during follow-up outpatient appointments until the HO matured. During the 1-year follow up, ALP levels fell within the normal range, and the patient decided to undergo surgery for persistent hip contracture and limited ambulation necessitating wheelchair usage. Preoperative CT with contrast enhancement showed heterotopic bone formation in both hip areas. Hypertrophied bilateral superior gluteal and lateral circumflex arteries supplying the heterotopic bone formation around the bilateral hip joints were also visualized (Fig. 1D). The surgeon planned a two-step surgery for heterotopic bone formation removal: the right side first, followed by the left side.

In the surgery around the right hip joint, it was difficult to detect the right lateral femoral circumflex artery due to bleeding and severe adhesion between the heterotopic bone formation and the surrounding soft tissue. Rupture of the right lateral circumflex femoral artery and subsequent massive bleeding occurred. Ligation of the ruptured right lateral circumflex artery was performed, and surgery was finished after partial resection of the soft tissue bone formation. A preoperative hemoglobin concentration of 14.4 g/dL (hematocrit 40.4%) decreased to 10.7 g/dL (hematocrit 30.6%) on postoperative day 1, 9.5 g/dL (hematocrit 27.6%) on postoperative day 2, and 8.3 g/dL (hematocrit 23.9%) on postoperative day 3. Two units of whole blood were administered to the patient, and the value increased to 11.0 g/dL (hematocrit 32.0%) on postoperative day 7.

Contrary to the right hip surgery, preoperative arterial embolization around the left hip joint was planned to prevent perioperative blood loss. Bilateral common iliac angiography, performed by puncturing the right femoral artery using the Seldinger method (a standard transfemoral approach) showed hypertrophied bilateral superior gluteal arteries, a hypertrophied left lateral circumflex femoral artery, and a stump of the ligated right lateral circumflex femoral artery (Fig. 2A). On selective left external iliac angiography, a hypertrophied left lateral circumflex femoral artery and diffuse hypervascular area involving the left hip joint area were observed (Fig. 2B). After selection of the left lateral circumflex femoral artery and left superior gluteal artery using a microcatheter (Renegade, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA), embolization was performed with a gelatin sponge called a gelfoam (Cutanplast, CureSys, Seoul, Korea). The gelatin sponge slurry was created by forcefully mixing small gelatin sponge particles with a solution of contrast material. Postembolization external iliac angiography revealed decreased vascular flow in the left lateral circumflex femoral artery and superior gluteal artery supplying the heterotopic bone formation around the left hip joint (Fig. 2C). The patient was observed 6 hours post-intervention and did not have any complications. On the next day, surgical removal of the heterotopic bone formation was successfully performed without massive bleeding and ended after confirmation of 100 degrees of left hip joint flexion by checking the intraoperative hip ROM(Fig. 3). Total surgery time of the right and left hips was 2 hours 40 minutes, and 2 hours, respectively. Blood loss of the right and left hip was 1,500mL and 500mL, respectively. Intraoperative transfusion was not performed in either right or left hip surgeries. On postoperative day 3 of the left hip, the preoperative hemoglobin value of 11.0 g/dL (hematocrit 32.0%) reached a minimum value of 9.3 g/dL (hematocrit 27.4%), but recovered to 10.6 g/dL (hematocrit 33.0%) without transfusion. Pathology confirmed bone formation around both hip joints as HO. A drainage catheter in the operated site was removed, and the patient began rehabilitation exercises, including continuous passive motion, on postoperative day 1. He was administered single radiation therapy of 800Gy to the operated site, and started to take celecoxib 200mg orally one time per day for a total of 6 weeks for prophylaxis of HO recurrence. He has been able to ambulate in a wheelchair without pain after surgery, and HO has yet to recur.

DISCUSSION

The hip region is the most common site of HO, a common complication (0-44% without prophylaxis) after hip arthroscopy [3,4]. Although HO is usually asymptomatic, grade III or IV HO of Brooker classification around a joint significantly limits joint function, and may require a surgical treatment [5,8,9].

HO is initiated by local tissue damage, leading to increased bone morphogenic protein 2 targeting of the sensory nerves [10]. Subsequently, a cascade of molecular mechanisms induces peripheral nerve remodeling [7]. The production of chondro-osseous, glial, vascular, and neural progenitor cells following the remolding induces vascularization, and increases levels of vascular endothelial growth factor that promotes vessel formation [6,7]. Due to the increased vascularization, bleeding is a major peri- and post-operative complication.

Preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization of hypervascular lesions is commonly performed to decrease blood loss during surgery, improve visualization of the surgical field, and shorten operative time [11,12]. Embolic materials are selected according to target vessel size and occlusion duration. A gelatin sponge is the most widely used absorptive temporary embolic agent, typically lasting 3-6 weeks of vascular occlusion. It is inexpensive, easy to use with a microcatheter, and can be modified depending on target vessel size [12,13]. By performing preoperative embolization with a gelatin sponge slurry, ischemia to other areas that are supplied by the same feeding arteries of the HO can be minimized by expecting recanalization of the occluded vessel after surgery.

Preoperative arterial embolization using a gelatin sponge may be useful for surgical removal of extensive HO in the hip joint area. Its purpose is to decrease blood loss, improve visualization of surgical field, and shorten operative time.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fig. 1.

(A) Pelvis anteroposterior radiograph shows diffuse heterotopic ossification around both hip joints. (B) Sagittal reconstruction computed tomography (CT) image shows nearly complete bone ankylosis of the left hip joint, causing total stiffness of the hip joint. (C) Technetium 99m-methyl diphosphonate bone scan shows intense uptake in bilateral hip joints. (D) Preoperative axial CT with contrast enhancement shows hypertrophied arteries (arrowheads) supplying the heterotopic bone formation around the bilateral hip joints.

Fig. 2.

(A) Common iliac arteriogram reveals hypertrophied bilateral superior gluteal arteries (black arrows), left lateral circumflex femoral artery (arrowhead), and the stump of right lateral circumflex femoral artery (white arrow), which was ligated during the previous surgery. (B) External iliac angiography demonstrates hypertrophied left lateral circumflex femoral artery (arrow) and diffuse hypervascular area involving the left hip joint (dashed circle). Note that the left lateral circumflex femoral artery arises from common femoral artery, as a normal anatomical variant. (C) Angiography obtained after embolization with gelatin sponge slurry shows decreased vascular flow in the left superior gluteal artery (arrow) and lateral circumflex femoral artery (arrowhead).

Fig. 3.

(A) Gross specimen showing multiple bone fragments with hemorrhage. (B) Passive flexion of the left hip joint was available after surgical removal of heterotopic ossification. (C) Immediate postoperative pelvis anteroposterior radiograph shows a decreased extent of heterotopic ossification compared with that in the preoperative pelvic radiograph.

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Figure & Data

References

Citations

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