Introduction

Advancements in endourology have introduced the era of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URS), with a higher stone-free rate and lower morbidity [1]. However, postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) and subsequent sepsis remain a burden for postoperative care, despite proper administration of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics. UTI is one of the most common postoperative complications after RIRS, and it has been reported that the rate varies widely between studies [2]. Postoperative UTI can be life-threatening because it can lead to sepsis and septic shock. If it advances to septic shock, higher postoperative mortality and longer hospital stays would be expected [3]. Attempts have been made to determine the risk factors to minimize postoperative febrile UTI. Some studies have suggested that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) can be effective biomarkers for predicting postoperative UTI after percutaneous nephrolithotomy [4,5].

Albumin and globulin are the main components of serum proteins, and these proteins play a pivotal role in acute inflammatory reactions and chronic inflammation. In this study, we validated the effectiveness of the albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) in predicting postoperative febrile UTI (fUTI). However, to date, few studies have evaluated AGR as a predictor of postoperative infection after URS and RIRS. AGR has already been studied in different types of cancer, and it has been found to be a possible prognostic marker for cancer [6]. However, so far, there have been limited studies investigating whether AGR can be used as a prognostic marker to predict postoperative fUTI in URS and RIRS.

Materials and methods

Patients who underwent URS and RIRS from January 2013 to May 2018 in a tertiary general hospital in South Korea were included in this study. Patients with bilateral stones and those without preoperative serum albumin and globulin data were excluded from this study. A total of 332 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into the postoperative fUTI group (fUTI group) and non-postoperative fUTI group (non-fUTI group). Postoperative fUTI was diagnosed if the patient’s body temperature was above 38°C with pyuria and other fever foci that should have been excluded within a week after the surgery. Preoperative clinical data including age, sex, and underlying diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic renal failure (CRF) defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m², body mass index (BMI), presence of pyuria, presence of microscopic hematuria, presence of preoperative ureteral stent and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN), and history of previous URS and RIRS were collected. Stone size prior to surgery was measured using noncontrast computed tomography, and the largest diameter was recorded. Preoperative pyuria was defined as more than five to 10 white blood cells (WBC) per high-power field (HPF), while preoperative microscopic hematuria was defined as more than three red blood cells per HPF on laboratory urinalysis. Blood samples were collected within 1 month prior to surgery, and AGR was calculated using the equation of ‘AG ratio=albumin/total protein without albumin.’ WBC counts were collected to demonstrate their effectiveness as an inflammatory indicator. Sterile preoperative urine culture was performed before surgery.

The patients were admitted to the hospital a day before surgery. None of the patients had preoperative fever. Fluoroquinolone was administered from the day of admission to the day of surgery. Under spinal or general anesthesia, we used a semi-rigid ureteroscope and/or flexible ureteroscope for lithotripsy. A hydrophilic guidewire was used to engage the semi-rigid ureteroscope into the ureter. For renal stones, we used Amplatz Super Stiff guidewire (Cook Medical Inc., Bloomington, IN, USA) and Flexor Ureteral Access Sheath (Cook Medical Inc.) prior to the engagement of the flexible ureteroscope. A 200- or 365-micro holmium laser lithotripter was used to fragment the target stone into pieces, with a power of 20 joules and 0.5 frequency. We used a stone basket to remove the fragments larger than 2 mm., and six French ureteral stents were kept for 2 weeks after the surgery. Patients were discharged on postoperative day one, and antibiotics were prescribed for 5 days if there was no evidence of postoperative UTI.

Chi-square test for categorical variables and Student t-test for continuous variables were used to analyze the baseline characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using the forward-likelihood ratio method, and p-values, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were collected. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff value and its sensitivity and specificity. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. IBM SPSS version 18.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the analysis.

Results

Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the patients and the chi-square test between the two groups. Of the 332 patients, 41 were included in the fUTI group and 291 were included in the non-fUTI group. Of all the patients, 135 had hypertension, 70 had DM, and nine had CRF. The mean age was 56.9±13.3 years, mean stone size was 10.1±4.2 mm, and mean preoperative AGR was 1.64±0.43. Preoperative pyuria, microscopic hematuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and DM were more prevalent in the fUTI group (p=0.001, p=0.004, p=0.001, p=0.041, and p=0.037, respectively). Patients in the fUTI group had larger stone size, lower preoperative AGR, longer operation time, and longer preoperative antibiotic coverage period (p=0.004, p=0.003, p=0.028, and p=0.003, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in hypertension, CRF, age, BMI, operation history, sex, preoperative ureteral stenting, preoperative PCN, preoperative WBC counts, and operation sites.

Table 2 shows the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis for predicting postoperative fUTI. In multivariate logistic regression analysis for the factors that were statistically significant on univariate logistic regression analysis, stone size (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.003–1.186; p=0.041), preoperative AGR (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.170–0.771; p=0.008), and preoperative pyuria (OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 2.727–12.342; p<0.001) were found to be significant factors.

According to ROC curves for predicting postoperative fUTI, the optimal cutoff value of AGR was 1.437 (area under the curve [AUC], 0.646; sensitivity, 77.3%; specificity, 76.9%) (Table 3), and the optimal cutoff value of stone size was 8.5 mm (AUC, 0.640; sensitivity, 55.3%; specificity, 44.7%) (Table 3).

Discussion

Advancements in laser technology and ureteroscopy have made lithotripsy less invasive and have yielded a higher stone-free rate with fewer complications. One of the most common postoperative complications is UTI, even when prophylactic antibiotics are adequately administered. Fan et al. [7] found that preoperative pyuria was the most important parameter for UTI, and similarly, our study showed that the presence of pyuria prior to surgery significantly contributed to the rate of UTI. Lai and Assimos [8] found that preoperative hydronephrosis was significantly associated with postoperative infection; however, our study showed that hydronephrosis was not a contributing factor to fUTI. In our study, some patients with preoperative hydronephrosis underwent PCN prior to the operation due to ongoing infection or acute renal failure, which may lower the risk of fUTI in patients with preoperative hydronephrosis.

In our study, the stone size was found to be a risk factor for postoperative fUTI because larger stones may require a longer operation time. Moreover, larger stones might require excessive intrarenal and intraureteral irrigation, which can lead to increased renal pelvic pressure, and the whole sequence would contribute to a higher risk of UTI, which is more likely to increase the absorption of bacteriotoxins and true pathogens [9].

Our results also showed that preoperative AGR is a significant factor that is highly associated with the incidence of postoperative fUTI. Patients with a lower AGR (<1.437) were more susceptible to UTI after URS and RIRS. Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of AGR as a postoperative prognostic factor in patients with different cancers [10-12]. Moreover, Jian et al. [13] and Xun et al. [14] showed the validity of low AGR to predict postoperative fUTI in patients who underwent stone removal operation. Albumin and globulins are major serum proteins that reflect nutritional status and systemic inflammation. Low albumin levels usually reflect malnutrition, which makes one more vulnerable to systemic infections, including UTI. In addition, hypoalbuminemia has been found to lower target organ exposure to antibiotics, which decreases the effectiveness of antibiotics [15]. Non-albumin serum proteins are involved in various inflammatory reactions and consist of proteins such as globulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and complements [16,17]. High globulin components are highly associated with worse prognosis in chronic inflammatory conditions, especially in patients with cancer [18]. High globulin levels reflect the inflammatory and active immune response of a host due to highly accumulated immunoglobulins and CRPs [19]. Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia were more prevalent in the fUTI group, but each variable was not found to be a useful predictor of fUTI. Albumin can be influenced by various confounding factors such as stress, illness, hepatic insufficiency, and changes in the volume of body fluids, and this could affect the efficiency and accuracy of albumin as a prognostic marker [20]. Previous studies have proposed that AGR provides an assessment of albumin and globulin together, which could reflect the body’s nutritional status and inflammatory states comprehensively, and this increases its value as a novel biochemical index [20,21]. Thus, patients with a lower AGR could be more susceptible to acute inflammatory conditions (especially fUTI) after surgery.

Our study had some limitations. First, our study had the potential for selection bias due to the retrospective nature of the study design. Second, more inflammatory markers such as NLR, PLR, CRP, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were not estimated in our study due to the retrospective nature of our study design. Finally, because our study population included patients from only one institution, ethnic and geographic variations in stone disease were not reflected in the study population.

Predicting postoperative fUTI after URS and RIRS is important because this complication can be life-threatening and can increase the cost of healthcare, mortality of patients, and hospital stay. Evaluation of preoperative AGR is cost-effective and reliable for predicting postoperative fUTI. According to our study, patients with preoperative pyuria, AGR below 1.437, or stone size greater than 8.5 mm should be monitored closely after surgery. Monitoring vital signs and giving careful attention to clinical symptoms would be necessary to manage postoperative fUTI. Further large-scale prospective studies are required to validate the efficacy of AGR in predicting postoperative fUTI.

Notes

Ethical statements

This was a retrospective study using personal medical records, and informed consent was waived. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Kyungpook National University Hospital (IRB No: 2020-10-009-001).

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) & funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (2019R1F1A1044473) (2019R1H1A1079839) (2020R1I1A3071568).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: SYY, YSH, ESY; Data curation: DJP, KM; Investigation: SYY, THK; Formal analysis: DJP, KM; Funding acquisition: YSH, BSK; Validation: ESY; Writing-original draft: SYY; Writing-review & editing: JWC, HTK, ESY.

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Figure & Data

References

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